PT157 S2 Q18 ExplanationIn an experiment, each of 200 randomly

Answer choices, explained

1. A

   Unrelated to Goal5% picked this

   Ordinarily almost everyone regularly gestures when speaking quickly and with little repetition, regardless of the

   This answer says that almost everyone ordinarily gestures when speaking quickly with little repetition. This tells us gesturing is common when people already speak quickly and repeat little, but it does not establish that gesturing causes or helps with finding phrases. The conclusion is about gesturing helping find phrases, and this answer says nothing about phrase retrieval. It also reverses the relationship: instead of gesturing leading to quicker speech, it says quicker speech is accompanied by gesturing -- which does not bridge the gap to the conclusion about finding phrases.

   5%
2. B

   Out of Scope1% picked this

   The cartoons were chosen by those who conducted the experiment and were selected from a

   This answer describes how the cartoons were selected -- chosen by experimenters from a variety of sources. This is a methodological detail about the experiment's design that has no bearing on whether gesturing helps speakers find phrases. The argument's gap is between speech outcomes (speed, repetition) and cognitive function (phrase retrieval). How the cartoon stimuli were chosen is completely irrelevant to bridging that gap. This answer does not address phrase-finding at all.

   1%
3. C

   Correct57% picked this

   Any form of behavior correlated with quicker speech and less repetition in speech helps speakers find the

   Why this is right

   This answer states that any behavior correlated with quicker speech and less repetition helps speakers find the phrases they want quickly. The evidence established that gesturing correlates with quicker speech and less repetition. This answer provides the bridge principle: if a behavior correlates with those speech outcomes, it helps with phrase-finding. Applying this principle to gesturing: gesturing correlates with quicker speech and less repetition (from the evidence), therefore gesturing helps speakers find phrases quickly (the conclusion). The assumption perfectly fills the gap between the measured outcomes and the cognitive claim, making the conclusion follow logically from the evidence.

   Skill tested: Sufficient Assumption · how this choice captures the argument's function is the move to repeat next time.

   57%
4. D

   Reversal22% picked this

   Any form of behavior that helps speakers quickly find the phrases they want also enables them to speak more quickly and repeat themselves less

   This answer says that behavior helping speakers find phrases quickly also enables quicker speech with less repetition. Diagrammed: Helps find phrases -> Quicker speech and less repetition. The argument needs the opposite direction: Quicker speech and less repetition -> Helps find phrases. This answer provides the reverse conditional. Knowing that phrase-finding leads to better speech does not establish that better speech indicates phrase-finding. The argument observed the speech outcomes and needs to infer the cognitive cause, but this answer only confirms that the cognitive cause would produce those outcomes -- which does not validate the inference in the needed direction.

   22%
5. E

   Unrelated to Goal14% picked this

   Of the subjects who were allowed to gesture, those who spoke the most quickly and repeated themselves least were among

   This answer says that among the gesturing subjects, those who spoke most quickly and repeated least were among those who gestured most. This describes a dose-response relationship within the gesturing group (more gesturing correlates with more fluent speech), but it says nothing about finding phrases. The conclusion is specifically about phrase retrieval, and this answer never addresses that concept. Even if more gesturing produces more fluent speech, that does not establish why fluent speech indicates finding phrases quickly. The phrase-retrieval gap remains unbridged.

   14%