Logical Reasoning

PT157 · S2 · Q13 In northern Europe, archaeologists have

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In northern Europe, archaeologists have discovered 400,000-year-old sharpened wooden poles alongside flint cutting implements and the remains of horses.

Conclusion

This effectively disproves the widespread belief that the humanlike precursors of Homo sapiens were entirely gatherers and scavengers and did not hunt.

rephrase: the humanlike precursors of Homo sapiens did do some hunting (they weren't only gatherers and scavengers).

Evidence (since)

In northern Europe, archaeologists have discovered 400,000-year-old sharpened wooden poles alongside flint cutting implements and the remains of horses.

It is normally assumed that Homo sapiens did not inhabit Europe prior to 200,000 years ago.

Evaluate

We can probably play along with the idea that stuff from 400,000 years ago in Europe would belong to humanlike precursors of Homo sapiens (since HS don't show up until 200,000 years ago).

So really we're just analyzing whether indicates that these pre-humans were doing some hunting.

The poles seem like spears. Flints are sharpened rocks. It's somewhat suggestive that humans were using spears and flints to hunt horses (hence, the horse remains).

But if we're trying to fight this author, we're trying to argue that these pre-humans were entirely gatherer / scavenger and did not hunt.

So we'd have to offer an alternate explanation for the evidence: maybe the poles and flints were for cutting plants or were for butchering the meat of scavenged carcasses (i.e. already killed by something else, not by a hunting pre-human).

Maybe we were riding horses to go find piles of dead meat and then using the flints to cut off the meat (scavenging).

Goal

Let's look for an answer making it more plausible that these pre-humans were engaged in hunting, or making it more plausible that the stuff we found was used to hunt, not to gather/scavenge.

13.

Which one of the following, if true, would add the most support to the argument?

  1. Correct

    Sharpened wooden poles were not

    Why this is right

    This strengthens by ruling out the alternate explanation that these poles / flints / horse remains were really connected to gathering or scavenging. If the poles were not used for self-defense or for cutting and transporting scavenged carcasses, then the remaining plausible use is hunting. By ruling out non-hunting purposes, this answer strengthens the inference that the poles were hunting weapons.

    Skill tested: Strengthen · how this choice captures the argument's function is the move to repeat next time.

    70% picked this

  2. Humanlike inhabitants of northern Europe

    Premise Support

    This somewhat helps establish that these items we found could have belonged to humanlike precursors of homo sapiens, but we still have no idea what these tools were used for: hunting? scavenging?

    10% picked this

  3. Homo sapiens evolved from humanlike

    Out of Scope

    Without going too deep, we'd get rid of this thinking, "The author is trying to conform to standard assumptions about Homo sapiens, not resist them." The argument never discusses when it is normally assumed that humanlike precursors evolved from Homo sapiens (only when it is normally assumed that Homo sapiens first showed up in Europe). So there's nothing we can do with this information, and if anything it feels like it could mess up the timeline the author had in mind for her argument.

    5% picked this

  4. The humanlike precursors of Homo

    Unclear Impact

    There's a classic form of wrong answer in Strengthen / Weaken that essentially says, "Differences exist!" In this case, we're just hearing LOTS of differences exist in terms of what behavioral patterns pre-humans had, depending on their environment. Cool, (D). Can you give us any specific information about what behavioral patterns the pre-humans in northern Europe may have been doing 400,000 years ago? No? Okay, then you're not useful.

    5% picked this

  5. Prehistoric Homo sapiens who adopted

    Unclear Impact

    This is about Homo sapiens, not about the humanlike precursors the argument discusses. We might realize that Homo sapiens hunted and gathered and scavenged, but we're here to try to figure out whether the precursors to Homo sapiens hunted or not. Saying "prehistoric Homo sapiens" means "early Homo sapiens", not "the humanlike precursors that came prior to Homo sapiens".

    10% picked this

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