PT150 S4 P4 Q25 ExplanationTrial and Appelate Court Research

Passage

Why do some trial court judges oppose conducting independent research to help them make decisions? One of their objections is that it distorts the adversarial system by requiring an active judicial role and undermining the importance of evidence presented by the opposing parties. Another fear is that and may wind up using outlier or discredited scientific materials.

While these concerns have some merit, they do not justify an absolute prohibition of the practice. First, there are reasons to sacrifice adversarial values in the scientific evidence context. The adversarial system is particularly ill-suited to handling specialized knowledge. The two parties prescreen and compensate expert witnesses, which virtually ensures conflicting and detract from the legitimacy of the system. Independent research could help judges avoid such errors.

Second, a trial provides a structure that guides any potential independent research, reducing the possibility of a judge’s reaching outlandish results. Independent research supplements, rather than replaces, the parties’ the parties always frame the debate.

Passage

Regardless of what trial courts may do, appellate courts should resist the temptation to conduct their of scientific literature.

As a general rule, appellate courts do not hear live testimony. Thus these courts lack some of the critical tools available at the trial level for arriving at a determination of the facts: live testimony and cross- examination. Experts practicing in the field may have knowledge and experience beyond what is reflected the process by questioning live witnesses. However, these events can only occur at the trial level.

Literature considered for the first time at the appellate level is not subject to live comment by practicing experts and cannot be tested in the crucible of the adversarial system. Thus one of the core criticisms against the use of such sources by appellate courts is that doing so in particular, have come under criticism for their potential unreliability.

When an appellate court goes outside the record to determine case facts, it ignores its function as a court of review, and it substitutes its own questionable research results for evidence that should have been tested in the trial court. This criticism applies with full force regardless of the medium in which they are found.