Logical Reasoning

PT105 · S1 · Q19 Paleontologist: It is widely, but

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Paleontologist: It is widely, but falsely, held that life began in the ocean and did not exist on land until half a billion years ago.

Conclusion

It's false to say that life began in the ocean and didn't exist on land until half a billion years ago.

Evidence

We've found carbon 14 on 1.2 billion year old rock in North America, and carbon 14 is extracted by plants and microbes from the atmosphere and released when they die (i.e. it's can be a marker of life).

Evaluate

Since we're doing Strengthen EXCEPT, we'll need to find four ways to strengthen the argument. Often, a strengthen answer is really just ruling out a weakening objection, so we're wise to think through some possible objections.

If you were trying to defend the widely held belief that life on land didn't exist until half a billion years ago, how could you explain this carbon 14 on 1.2 billion year old rock?

Maybe we'd say that at the time of its getting smeared with carbon 14, that 1.2 billion year old rock was actually underwater.

Maybe there are other explanations for how carbon 14 gets on a surface (the fact that living things use it and release it doesn't convince us that this is the only reason you might ever find carbon 14 somewhere).

Goal

Look for answers that rule out possible objections or that add some more evidence that life on land may have existed prior to 500 million years ago.

19.

Each of the following, if true, provides additional support for the paleontologist's conclusion EXCEPT:

  1. According to one dating technique,

    Strengthens

    Here is more evidence that there was life on land more than half a billion years ago. These land plants left fossils that are more than 0.5 billion years old.

    5% picked this

  2. The severity of conditions in

    Strengthens

    This offers some independent evidence that weighs against the idea that life began in the ocean.

    10% picked this

  3. Research suggests that some portions

    Strengthens

    This is a ridiculous mixed bag of an answer, but it does weakly affirm a necessary assumption of the argument: "it's possible that the rock where this carbon 14 was found was not underwater 1.2 billion years ago".

    35% picked this

  4. Correct

    The 1.2-billion-year-old rocks were formed

    Why this is right

    This sounds like an Alternate Explanation for why there's carbon 14 on the rock, so this actually Weakens.

    Skill tested: Strengthen · how this choice captures the argument's function is the move to repeat next time.

    44% picked this

  5. Uranium testing has been used

    Strengthens

    Another really weak strengthener, as it just adds more credibility to something we were already trusting (the "fact" that this was 1.2 billion year old rock). (C) and (E) are almost No Impact in my opinion, but they will still lose by comparison to (D), which actively weakens.

    5% picked this

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