Logical Reasoning

PT148 · S3 · Q3 Researcher: Dinosaur fossils come

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Researcher: Dinosaur fossils come in various forms, including mineralized bones and tracks in dried mud flats.

Conclusion

It's not surprising that we usually don't find mineralized dinosaur bones and dinosaur mud tracks in the same area.

Evidence

Creatures that scavenged dinosaur carcasses most likely went to mud flats to find food.

Evaluate

This is one of those arguments that is super hard to understand on a first (or second) read, but if we can figure out the author's intended meaning, then we're actually 90% of the way to our correct answer.

There are two types of dinosaur fossils, but we don't find them in the same place usually. We either find bones or find footprints in the mud.

The author has a theory for why we don't find them together, and since our author is trying to explain a puzzling phenomenon, we can use our Curious Fact / Explanation mindset:

Curious Fact ... why don't we find bones and mud tracks in the same place? Author's Explanation ... animals that would scavenge dinosaur carcasses frequented mud flats to find food.

Again, what?! We need to make sense of causal story the author is telling here. It might help to think about what it would be like if we did find dinosaur bones and mud tracks in the same place:

It would mean that a dinosaur died in the mud flat. We're generally finding dinosaur bones at the spot where they died (they're too heavy and not-useful for animals to have moved them, so other than weather events like a hurricane or earthquake moving them, they will be found where the dinosaur died).

So if a dinosaur died in a mud flat, it would definitely leave some footprints in the mud en route to its death scene, right? How come we don't see those final footprints in the mud?

The author is saying that there were scavenger animals who roamed mud flats looking for food. If they happened upon a dead dinosaur, then they would go to town on its carcass.

So the author is either thinking that we don't find bones in the mud flats because there were scavengers roaming the mud flats who would perform "clean up duty" and eat the bones.

Or ... the author is thinking that we don't find muddy dinosaur footprints near the dinosaurs bones, because the footprints of the scavengers that were eating the dinosaurs carcass messed up the dinosaurs mud footprint (kind of like if someone walks through snow, they leave footprints, but if you walk through their footprints, you can't clearly see that person's boot print anymore).

Goal

Since this is Strengthen, we are most likely adding plausibility to the author's story (i.e. scavengers in the mud flats would have consumed the dinosaur's bones or obscured the dinosaur's footprints), or we might be ruling out an alternate explanation for why bones and mud prints aren't found in the same place.

3.

Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the researcher's argument?

  1. Dinosaur tracks are also found

    Out of Scope: other locations

    This argument is only about why we don't find bones near mud flat tracks. Talking about other areas isn't going to help us assess this causal mystery.

    2% picked this

  2. Correct

    Scavengers commonly drag a carcass

    Why this is right

    This doesn't give either of the two scavenger-stories I was considering (scavengers eat the bones / scavengers ruin the fidelity of the dinosaur's muddy footprints), but it could still help connect scavengers in the mud to why we don't find dinosaur bones near dinosaur mud tracks. If scavengers were dragging a dinosaur carcass away from the mud flats, then that would help explain why we don't find dinosaur bones in the mud flats where we find dinosaur tracks. This answer is helping us picture this chronological story: 1. Dinosaur walks into the mud flats, leaving behind tracks. 2. Dinosaur dies in the mud flats. 3. Scavenger drags the carcass away, so therefore we usually don't find dinosaur bones near tracks in the mud.

    Skill tested: Strengthen · how this choice captures the argument's function is the move to repeat next time.

    91% picked this

  3. Researchers have found more fossil

    Irrelevant Comparison

    It doesn't matter in the slightest which of these two things we've found more of. We're just trying to solve the causal mystery of why we don't seem to find these two things in the same place.

    1% picked this

  4. Dinosaur fossils other than mineralized

    Out of Scope

    Out of Scope: other types of fossils The fact that other types of fossils are common was kind of covered in the opening clause, "Dinosaur fossils come in various forms". We're focused on only two forms -- mineralized bone / tracks in dried mud. And we're trying to solve the causal mystery of why we don't usually find dinosaur bones near dinosaur tracks in dried mud. Pointing out that other types of dinosaur fossils exist does nothing to help us assess this causal mystery.

    2% picked this

  5. It takes longer for bone

    Irrelevant Comparison

    This is similar to (C), in that it provides a difference between bones and mud tracks that is completely useless when it comes to solving our causal mystery. It doesn't matter to us that it took longer for the bone to become mineralized than for the muddy footprints to dry. They've both had ample time (over 65 million years) to do their thang. They're both fossils now. We're just trying to figure out why we don't find them near each other.

    4% picked this

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