Logical Reasoning

PT146 · S2 · Q3 Reviewer: Almost all books

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Reviewer: Almost all books that offer management advice are written from the perspective of the CEO.

Evidence

Almost all books that offer management advice are written from the perspective of the CEO.

Most managers aren't CEOs and don't have the same perspective as CEOs.

Conclusion (So)

The advice in management books is of limited use for most managers.

Evaluate

Taken together, the first two sentences in the argument tell us that almost all books that offer management advice are not written from the perspective that most managers have.

The conclusion states that the advice in these books is of limited use for most managers. Advice being "of limited use" is a new idea in the conclusion. It's different from the ideas that were mentioned in the evidence. The evidence describes this advice as not being written from the perspective that most managers have.

For the conclusion to be properly drawn from the evidence, we want the evidence to directly connect to the conclusion. We can do this with statement that says,

~managers' perspective → of limited use

Goal

Look for an answer which matches the statement above, connecting the evidence to the conclusion. Since this is a conditional statement, the contrapositive would also be correct:

~of limited use → managers' perspective

Beware of answers which present illegal reversals or illegal negations of this statement and answers which fail to properly connect the evidence to the conclusion.

3.

The conclusion of the reviewer's argument can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?

  1. Advice books rarely take the

    Premise Support Unrelated to Goal

    The evidence already states that books offering management advice aren't written from the perspective that most managers have. This answer just expands on that idea, describing it as a common feature of advice books. This answer doesn't connect the evidence to the claim in the conclusion that these types of books are of limited use to managers.

    2% picked this

  2. Most people who read management

    Opposite (if anything) Unrelated to Goal

    If anything, this answer could support the idea that the advice offered in management books might be quite useful for managers. The books aren't written from a managers perspective, but they could still be very useful in helping managers achieve their future career goals. If we view the answer from this perspective then it weakens the argument, which is the opposite of what we're trying to do.

    1% picked this

  3. Almost all CEOs have experience

    Opposite (if anything) Unrelated to Goal

    If anything, this answer could support the idea that the advice offered in management books might be quite useful for managers: even though the books are written from a CEOs perspective, this answer suggests that most CEOs have also experienced a manager's perspective. If we view the answer from this perspective then it weakens the argument, which is the opposite of what we're trying to do.

    1% picked this

  4. Correct

    Advice is of limited use

    Why this is right

    ~recipient's perspective → of limited use The word "unless" is a conditional logic indicator that translates to "if not." We can reword this answer as "if advice is not offered from the perspective of the recipient then it is of limited use." This applies to our argument, where the managers are the intended recipients. This answer connects the evidence in the argument to the conclusion.

    Skill tested: Sufficient Assumption · how this choice captures the argument's function is the move to repeat next time.

    93% picked this

  5. Most managers prefer to read

    Out of Scope

    Neither the evidence nor the conclusion involves managers' preferred reading material. What they "prefer" to read is beyond the scope of this argument. What managers "think" will be useful is similarly outside the scope of the argument, since the conclusion is strictly a claim about how useful advice will actually be.

    3% picked this

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