Logical Reasoning

PT119 · S4 · Q14 Some critics claim that the

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Some critics claim that the power of the media to impose opinions upon people concerning the important issues of the day is too great.

Conclusion (This shows that)

The critics' claim is false. rephrase: The media's power to impose their opinions on important issues is not too great.

Evidence

If the media's range of opinion on important issues was narrower than that of consumers, then the media's power to impose opinions would be too great.

But their range of opinion on important issues is not narrower than that of consumers.

Evaluate

Whenever we're doing Flaw and we see the author making a rebuttal, we anticipate two likely options: 1. Ad Hominem -- the author dismisses a point of view because the source has a biased interest or has conflicting past behavior.

2. Unproven vs. Untrue -- the author shows that one attempt to prove X failed and then concludes that X is false

When we're doing Flaw and we see the author introduce a conditional logic premise, we anticipate that she will apply it illegally in a reversed or opposite fashion.

This argument had both components, since the author is rebutting and is using a conditional premise.

The author's argument looks like this: If X were the case, then critics would be right X is not the case. Thus, the critics are not right.

That's analogous to this argument: If Joe were in LA, then he would be in America. Joe is not in LA. Thus, Joe is not in America.

Goal

We can call out the author's necessary vs. sufficient error, since she reasoned via an illegal negation.

Or we can call out the authors unproven vs. proven false move. Just because one argument for the claim that "media has too much power to impose opinion" fails (since it's based on the dubious assumption that ) doesn't mean that the conclusion "media has too much power to impose opinion" is false.

14.

Which one of the following most accurately describes a reasoning flaw in the argument?

  1. The argument launches a personal

    Not Ad Hominem

    Although this famous flaw was on our radar, since this was a Rebuttal argument on a Flaw question, the author never said anything personal about these critics.

    1% picked this

  2. The argument takes for granted

    Too Specific

    The most important way to get rid of this answer is to know the much more egregious problems we want the answer to be discussing (the illegal negation and the illegal unproven vs. proven false move). Digging into the specifics of this one is trickier. The author establishes, not assumes, that the media purveys (i.e. provides) a range of opinion that is at least as wide as that found among consumers of media. That might not necessarily mean that they give as much exposure as they should to a wide range of opinion on the important issues. If we negated this assumption, would it hurt the argument to say, "Hey, author, the media doesn't give as much exposure as they should to a wide range of opinion on the important issues"? It seems like it creates some doubt: Hey, maybe the media's power to impose its opinions on important issues really is too great. After all, the media doesn't give as much exposure as they should to a wide range of opinion. It's not nothing, but it's not much, in terms of an objection. This answer loses out an answer that is calling out the more explicit reasoning flaw, rather than this more murky line of objection.

    18% picked this

  3. Correct

    The argument takes for granted

    Why this is right

    This combines the Illegal Negation and Unproven vs. Proven False aspects we were looking at. It's always a flaw to assume that if the truth of claim 1 implies claim 2, then the falsity of claim 1 implies the falsity of claim 2. That's an illegal negation, thinking that if we know "LA → California" it also means that "not LA → not California". In this case, the author assumes that since "media has narrower range of opinion" would prove "power to impose opinion is too great", then the fact that "media not has narrower range" proves that "power to impose opinion is not too great".

    Skill tested: Flaw · how this choice captures the argument's function is the move to repeat next time.

    69% picked this

  4. The argument, instead of providing

    Not Inappropriate Appeals

    This refers to one of the top 10 famous flaws Inappropriate Appeals (to Emotion / Unqualified Opinion). The author's argument doesn't rely on anyone's opinion. It relies on one conditional logic rule and on one 'factual' premise that the media's range of opinion is at least as broad as media consumers' range of opinion. That's not an appeal to popular opinion, which means thinking "Since most people believe X, X is true."

    3% picked this

  5. The argument takes for granted

    Out of Scope: desirable

    Like (B), we really want to avoid engaging with this answer, by seeing the conditional logic flaw up front. It feels reasonable to think the author assumes purveying a wide range of opinion is desirable, but it's not necessary to the argument. The argument is only about whether or not the media's power to impose opinions is too great, based on whether or not the range of opinion is at least as broad as that found among consumers of media. It's not about whether a range of opinion is desirable, undesirable, or neither. Furthermore, the Absolute language of "wide range" is not part of the argument. The evidence is only about Relative language of "wider / narrower range". The range of sports you like (basketball and football) might be wider than the range of sports I like (basketball), but that doesn't mean that you like a wide range of sports.

    8% picked this

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