Reading Comprehension

PT119 · S1 · P4 · Q22 Preventing Harm

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Many legal theorists have argued that the only morally legitimate goal in imposing criminal penalties against certain behaviors is to prevent people from harming others.

Topic

Why laws that require coordination (not just preventing obvious harms) can still be justified as preventing harm

Framework

Answer / Explain

Main Point

Even though some laws that require people to coordinate their actions (and may not seem to prevent obvious harm) might look like they’re just enforcing conformity or acting for people’s own good, the real justification is that they ultimately help prevent harm that would arise from lack of coordination. The "Most Valuable Sentence": The last lines of paragraphs 1 and 3 together best capture the main point: - P1: - P3:

P1: Introduction—Setting Up the Puzzle

Some legal thinkers believe the only legit reason to make something illegal is to prevent harm to others, not to enforce conformity or protect people from themselves. But actually, preventing harm can also justify punishing certain nonconforming behaviors that don’t seem harmful at first glance.

P2: Explaining Coordination Rules With an Example

Sometimes, society needs everyone to agree to follow a rule simply so things go smoothly, like agreeing to all drive on the same side of the road. Even though the forbidden act (driving on the wrong side) isn’t inherently harmful like assault, a lack of coordination would be. If everyone would agree to a rule that’s enforced by law, it’s legit to impose such a rule because it ultimately prevents harm.

P3: Extending the Idea—Coordination to Avoid Deeper Harms

Some situations need coordination to prevent more than just confusion—like banning steroids in sports. If some athletes use them, everyone else is forced to either risk health or lose their fair shot, so harm happens either way. A universally enforced rule protects everyone, and most people would consent to it if they saw how it works. So, even if it looks like the law is just telling people what’s good for them, it’s really about avoiding bigger harms that result from a lack of fair coordination.

22.

Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?

  1. In order to be morally

    Too Strong

    Too Strong: must apply equally to all Wrong Emphasis The main clause here is that "Laws prohibiting harmless activities must apply equitably to everyone". Not only is that a crazy-extreme sounding proclamation that the author never made, it's also not at all reinforcing the main point: there are laws prohibiting seemingly harmless activities that are still justified because of the goal of preventing harm to others

    2% picked this

  2. It is justifiable to require

    Wrong Emphasis: harm to individual

    The author's main point is fairly close to the idea of "it can be justifiable to require social conformity, if noncompliance would be harmful to others", but this answer is saying it's justifiable even if noncompliance would just be harmful to the nonconforming individual. The theorists in the 1st paragraph oppose laws that try to prohibit an individual from harming themselves. They support laws that try to prohibit an individual from harming others. The author's main point is that some laws that initially look like they're just forcing people to conform to an arbitrary rule, or preventing someone from doing something that could cause self-harm, are actually still trying to prevent an individual from harming others. According to this answer, it would be justified to mandate driving on the right side of the road if driving on the left side of the road would hurt the the driver. And it would be justified to forbid steroids if taking steroids would harm the user. But the passage was saying that we mandate driving on the right side of the road to protect all the other drivers on the road. And we forbid steroids because we're looking out for all the other people this steroid user would have to compete with.

    10% picked this

  3. Achieving coordination can be argued

    Out of Scope: directly harmful actions

    This passage didn't deal with any actions that are directly harmful. It was sort of a given from the start that we all agree that preventing directly harmful actions is a justified reason for laws. The author wanted to talk about laws that outlaw behavior that clearly isn't directly harmful. The author was showing that some of these laws are still justified by the goal of preventing harm because if there weren't this law it could indirectly lead to harming others.

    18% picked this

  4. It is reasonable to hold

    Too Strong: always justified

    The author never implied that "restricting liberty is always justified on the basis of mutually agreed-upon community standards". Her thesis is that "some forms of nonconforming behavior are outlawed because of the goal of preventing harm to others".

    1% picked this

  5. Correct

    The principle of preventing harm

    Why this is right

    This aligns very well with our two Most Valuable Sentences, the end of the 1st paragraph and the end of the 3rd. Both of those spots are where we find the main Theme the author wants to illustrate. In particular, the end of the 1st (the most common place to find a Most Valuable Sentence) is where the author expresses the big idea, and this answer closely paraphrases that line. - (end of 1st) the goal of preventing harm to others would also justify legal sanctions against some forms of nonconforming behavior to which this goal might at first seem not to apply

    Skill tested: Main Point · how this choice captures the passage's function is the move to repeat next time.

    69% picked this

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