Reading ComprehensionDifficulty: Hard

PT101 S4 P2 Q11 Explanation

Native American Burials

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Passage

Many Native Americans view the archaeological excavation and museum display of ancestral skeletal remains and items buried with them as a spiritual desecration. A number of legal remedies that either prohibit or regulate such activities may be available to Native American communities, if they can establish standing in such cases. In disinterment however, common law may provide a basis for some Native American claims against archaeologists and museums.

Property law, for example, can be useful in establishing Native American claims to artifacts that are retrieved in the excavation of ancient graves and can be considered the communal property of Native American tribes or communities. In Charrier v. Bell, a United States appellate court ruled that the common law doctrine of graves should be returned to representatives of tribal groups who can establish standing in such cases.

More generally, United States courts have upheld the distinction between individual and communal property, holding that an individual Native American does not have title to communal property owned and held for common use by his or her tribe. As a result, museums cannot assume that they have valid title to cultural property in good faith by an individual member of a Native American community.

What this question is testing

Locate Detail

Your task

Pin down exactly what the question asks about the passage — a detail, the author's view, the structure, or the main point — before looking at the choices.

Common trap

Answers that restate a true detail from the passage but don't answer the specific question being asked.

Winning move

Anticipate the answer in your own words from the passage, then find the choice that matches that prediction.

Reading along? Open the full official question in LawHub — we show a fragment here and keep the reasoning in our own words.

The question
11.

According to the passage, which one of the following is true of cases

Answer choices

  1. Unknown Comparison15% picked this

    Once a plaintiff’s standing has been established, such cases are usually more difficult to resolve than are cases

    Unknown Comparison: harder to resolve Opposite, if anything We're looking for an answer that says something like, "it's hard for a plaintiff to establish standing". This is going past that and saying, "Yeah, but in the rare cases where they do get standing ..." We don't know anything about what happens in the rare cases where Native Americans do get standing, other than what the thesis tells us: in cases where standing can be achieved, common law may provide a basis for some Native American claims We don't have any text that supports the claim that ancient grave cases are harder to resolve than are cases with more recent graves. (If anything, we might think that they're easier to resolve because the Native American plaintiff probably doesn't have as strong a case).

  2. Out of Window: individual vs. communal23% picked this

    The distinction between individual and communal property is usually an issue

    There's nothing in our Support Window relating to individual vs. communal (that's 3rd paragraph). And the only usually we know about cases involving ancient graves is that "Usually, Native Americans aren't successful in establishing standing".

  3. Too Strong4% picked this

    Even when a plaintiff’s standing has been established, property law cannot be used as a basis for the claims of Native

    Too Strong: cannot be used Opposite, if anything We're looking for an answer that says something like, "it's hard for a plaintiff to establish standing". This is going past that and saying, "Yeah, but in the rare cases where they do get standing ..." We don't know anything about what happens in the rare cases where Native Americans do get standing, other than what the thesis tells us: in cases where standing can be achieved, common law may provide a basis for some Native American claims So the text we do have would actually contradict this answer. The 2nd paragraph explains that property law can be useful (in cases where standing has been achieved).

  4. Correct53% picked this

    In most such cases, common law does not currently provide a clear basis for establishing that

    Why this is right

    We're looking for an answer that says something like, "it's hard for a plaintiff to establish standing". This answer provides the closest match for that. We were told that, "in cases in which the grave is ancient, Native Americans are less likely to be successful [in establishing standing", and we were told that, "in most cases involving ancient graves, granting Native Americans standing would represent a significant expansion of common law". In other words, judges aren't going to be keen to do it. You'd have to be a very bold, activist judge to grant Native Americans standing in most cases involving ancient graves. Common law, as normally interpreted, would not recognize their standing.

    Skill tested: Locate Detail · how this choice captures the passage's function is the move to repeat next time.

  5. Too Strong6% picked this

    Common law is rarely used as a basis for the claims of Native Americans who have established

    Too Strong: rarely used Opposite, if anything We're looking for an answer that says something like, "it's hard for a plaintiff to establish standing". This is going past that and saying, "Yeah, but in the rare cases where they do get standing ..." We don't know anything about what happens in the rare cases where Native Americans do get standing, other than what the thesis tells us: in cases where standing can be achieved, common law may provide a basis for some Native American claims That thesis is practically contradicting this answer. When they can get standing, common law may provide a basis for their claims.

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