Logical Reasoning

PT148 · S4 · Q24 A contract between two parties

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A contract between two parties is valid only if one party accepts a legitimate offer from the other; an offer is not legitimate if someone in the position of the party to whom it was made would reasonably believe the offer to be made in jest.

Principle

only if = necessary indicator, put on Right

Contract valid → one party accepts legit offer from the other

if = sufficient indicator, put on Left

Someone being made that offer would reasonably → not legit offer assume offer is in jest

Evaluate

It's common to be given two Principles on Apply the Principle questions, but it's very rare the correct answer uses both principles. Each answer ends up being aimed at one rule or the other.

We want to always arrange our rules so that the "judgy" term is on the right (like good / bad, unjustified / justified, should / should not, etc.).

So we should contrapose that first rule, to get the judgy concept of valid / invalid on the right.

neither party accepts → not valid a legit offer from the other contract

We might notice that the concept of "legitimate offer" shows up in both rules. Does that allow us to chain those rules together? Yes, here it would!

We could say something like,

someone would not a legit not valid assume offer → offer → basis for is made in jest contract

Goal

Although the answer might chain together both rules, if it's anything like 99% of Apply the Principle, it will use one of these rules. The Evidence part of the correct answer will match the trigger of one of the rules, and the Conclusion part of the answer will match the right side of that rule.

Here are our two rules:

1. Neither party accepts → not valid a legit offer from the other contract

2. Someone being made

that offer would reasonably → not legit offer assume offer is in jest

As we look at each answer, we're going to scan for the conclusion. If the conclusion says "not valid", we'll use rule 1. If it says "not legit", we'll use rule 2. If it says anything other than those things, we'll toss it.

24.

The principle stated above, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in which one of the following arguments?

  1. Joe made a legitimate offer

    Bad Conclusion Match

    The conclusion here is "valid", which is not one of the two things we can prove, using these principles. We can only prove the right sides, so we can prove "not valid" or "not legitimate".

    3% picked this

  2. Kenta accepted Gus's offer to

    Bad Trigger Match

    Because the conclusion is saying "not valid", we're looking at rule 1. 1. neither party accepts → not valid a legit offer from the other contract Does the evidence establish that neither party accepts a legit offer from the other? Nope, there's no mention of whether or not the offer was legit. Does the info about the offer being made in jest allow us to infer the offer was not legit? 2. Someone being made that offer would reasonably → not legit offer assume offer is in jest No, because the argument never establishes that someone in Kenta's position would have reasonably assumed that Gus's offer was in jest. It just says, unbeknownst to Kenta, that the offer was in jest. But the principle's trigger does not care whether it was / wasn't made in jest. It cares about whether a person receiving that offer would / wouldn't reasonably assume it's in jest.

    14% picked this

  3. Frank's offer to buy Mindy's

    Bad Conclusion Match

    The conclusion here is "will accept". That doesn't match either of our available conclusions. We can only conclude what's on the Right side of the arrows, which here would be "invalid contract" or "not legit offer".

    2% picked this

  4. Hai's offer to sell artworks

    Bad Conclusion Match

    The conclusion here is "valid contract". That doesn't match either of our available conclusions. We can only conclude what's on the Right side of the arrows, which here would be "invalid contract" or "not legit offer".

    41% picked this

  5. Correct

    The only offer that Sal

    Why this is right

    The conclusion is saying "not valid contract", so we'll use Rule 1. 1. neither party accepts → not valid a legit offer from the other contract Does the evidence establish that neither party accepted a legit offer? Yes, it says that Sal's only offer was not legitimate. By Rule 1, that means that there couldn't be a valid contract. (Some of us may torture ourselves thinking, "But what if Veronica made a legit offer to Sal? Couldn't there be a valid contract there?" Yes, but this question stem doesn't demand a perfect answer. This is still the most supported answer)

    Skill tested: Principle-Conform · how this choice captures the argument's function is the move to repeat next time.

    39% picked this

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