Reading Comprehension

PT147 · S2 · P3 · Q21 Mesolithic Woodland Clearings

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It is generally accepted that woodland clearings were utilized by Mesolithic human populations (populations in Europe roughly 7,000 to 12,000 years ago) for food procurement.

Topic

Mesolithic woodland clearings: reassessing why ancient humans created and used them

Framework

Challenge Position

Main Point

While the standard explanation for prehistoric woodland clearings is that they were created or used by Mesolithic populations for economic reasons (mainly hunting and food procurement), the archaeological evidence for this is weak, and an alternative explanation—that clearings were social spaces associated with paths created out of fear of the wilderness—deserves more consideration. (The key "Most Valuable Sentence" summarizing the main point appears near the end: )

P1: The Economic (Hunting) Model and Its Weak Evidence

It's generally thought that Mesolithic people used woodland clearings for hunting/gathering, but there's little hard archaeological evidence directly linking clearings with economic activities.

P2: Ethnographic Support—and Its Limits

Most support for the "resource-procurement" (economic) model comes from studying recent cultures, not from direct evidence, and some ethnographic data points to alternative, noneconomic uses for clearings.

P3: Introducing the "Fear of Wilderness" Argument

Some theorists argue that fear of wild, wooded places has always shaped human behavior—not just in modern times—and if we apply this idea to Mesolithic people, it could change our view of why they cared about clearings.

21.

Which one of the following comes closest to capturing what the phrase “purely social phenomena” means in the final sentence of the passage?

  1. Correct

    phenomena that arise as by-products

    Why this is right

    This is worded pretty ridiculously, but it is correct because it's saying "noneconomic". When the author said purely social, he was intending it as a rebuttal to the common view, which thought the clearings had an economic use.

    Skill tested: Meaning in Context · how this choice captures the passage's function is the move to repeat next time.

    57% picked this

  2. phenomena that are universal and

    Too Strong: universal and unique

    Does this answer contradict itself? How could something be universal and unique? This would have to mean "present in all human societies, but absent in all nonhuman societies". The author definitely wasn't saying something that strong. After all, he's selling the idea of a woodland clearing as a meet-up spot. It's very possible that chimpanzees (and many other animals) have meet-up spots.

    2% picked this

  3. phenomena that serve the purpose

    Weaker Match

    Given that the author is suggesting that humans used these clearings as resting spots and meet-up spots, we might think, "Hey, I bet those kickbacks together strengthened ties between those people". But even if the clearings had some ancillary benefit of strengthening ties, that wasn't the purpose of them. They served the purpose of giving people a spot to rest or meet up, as they were walking their woodland paths. Also, this answer choice is only addressing the "social phenomena" part of the phrase, but the "purely social phenomena" is a crucial part of the intended meaning.

    6% picked this

  4. phenomena that are intentionally created

    Weaker Match

    First of all, this answer is inherently trappy, because if you asked someone to pick an answer about what "purely social phenomena" meant (without letting them read the passage), there's no way they would pick the correct answer and there's a very good chance they would pick this, because it says the word social again. Any time we're asked about the meaning or referent of a word/phrase, there's usually going to be a trap answer that just seems to offer the superficial dictionary definition, whereas the correct answer is testing a contextual meaning, so it will look different from the superficial one. This answer and (C) kind of cancel each other out, since they're both saying these clearings were intentionally serving the purpose of social benefit. The same reasons we gave for (C) apply to knocking out this one: - the author isn't suggesting the clearings were intentionally created to produce a social benefit. In fact, he seems to be suggesting that the clearings are naturally formed over time as "where paths meet, wider clearings emerge". - this doesn't capture the intended meaning of saying the clearings were purely social (they were not anything else)

    33% picked this

  5. phenomena that reveal information about

    Out of Scope: reveal information

    The author never suggested that these clearings reveal information about a society's cultural or economic development. The author is saying "these clearings kinda just formed over time, because scared humans walked along paths, the paths converged at certain points, and expanded into wider clearings as humans cut corners from one path to another or as tired walkers decided that was a good spot to sit down and have a snack."

    2% picked this

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