Logical Reasoning

PT146 · S2 · Q18 The consensus among astronomers

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The consensus among astronomers, based upon observations of the surfaces of pulsars, is that pulsars are spinning balls of neutrons compressed into a sphere some 10 kilometers in diameter with a mass roughly equal to that of our sun.

Conclusion

The observed properties of pulsars are consistent with the possibility that some pulsars are filled with quarks.

Evidence

Based on observations, astronomers think they are balls of neutrons. But if they were filled with quarks, they would have an overall positive charge, which would attract a layer of negatively charged particles that could support a crust of neutrons.

Evaluate

This argument is tricky to understand at first. From what astronomers can observe, they think pulsars are balls of neutrons. The author is suggesting an alternate interpretation (she's not insisting on it, just saying that it's also a possible interpretation).

Her alternate interpretation is essentially,

We're being asked about the claim . That claim was part of the author's attempt to show us how a pulsar filled with quarks would still end up resembling a neutron ball. She was saying, the core of quarks would give a positive charge, which would attract a layer of negatively charged particles, which could support an outer crust of neutrons.

When we see the word Because preface the claim we're asked about, it means that the claim is either a supporting premise for the other clause of that sentence. Ot it means that the claim describes a causal factor that results in the other clause of that sentence.

In this case, it seems to make more sense to interpret this as a Causal Because (as opposed to a Reasoning Because).

Goal

Look for an answer saying narrowly that this claim helps to explain why a quark-filled pulsar could potentially have an outer crust of neutrons.

Or look for an answer more broadly saying, .

18.

The statement that the core of a quark-filled pulsar would have an overall positive charge plays which one of the following roles in the argument above?

  1. Correct

    It helps explain how pulsars

    Why this is right

    This seems descriptively true. That final sentence is showing us how a quark-filled pulsar would still look from the outside like a ball of neutrons, because the outer crust would still be covered in neutrons.

    Skill tested: Role · how this choice captures the argument's function is the move to repeat next time.

    74% picked this

  2. It forms part of a

    Opposite

    The author isn't challenging the idea that some pulsars may be made up of quarks. The author is selling us on the idea that pulsars may be made up of quarks.

    6% picked this

  3. It helps explain why some

    Out of Scope: not readily recognized

    This argument is never saying that sometimes a pulsar is observed by astronomers but they don't realize they're looking at a pulsar. This argument is saying, when astronomers observe a pulsar, they see that it's all neutrons on the outside, and so they assume it's just a big ball of neutrons, when it's possible that it's got something different inside (like quarks) and is just covered with an exterior shell of neutrons.

    4% picked this

  4. It presents a new finding

    Out of Scope: new finding

    There are no new findings here. The author is just looking at the same observational data and saying, "Are we being hasty in assuming the entire pulsar is made up of neutrons? Maybe it's just the outer shell. Here's a causal story that seems possible, wherein the center is made up of quarks but then the positive charge of the quark-core gives way to an outer shell of neutrons."

    15% picked this

  5. It points out a problem

    Wrong Role

    At no point is the author pushing back on the theory that pulsars have a mass roughly equivalent to that of our sun. The author is only pushing back on the idea that a pulsar is entirely made of neutrons.

    1% picked this

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