Reading ComprehensionDifficulty: Hard

PT139 S3 P3 Q21 Explanation

Software Patents

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Passage

Passage A is from a 2007 article on the United States patent system; passage B corporate statement.

Passage A Theoretically, the patent office is only supposed to award patents for “nonobvious” inventions, and the concept of translating between an Internet address and a telephone number certainly seems obvious. Still, a court recently held that covering computer servers that perform these translations.

In an ideal world, patents would be narrow enough that companies could “invent around” others’ patents if licensing agreements cannot be reached. Unfortunately, the patent system has departed from this ideal. In recent decades, the courts have dramatically lowered the bar for obviousness. As broad that inventing around them is practically impossible.

Large technology companies have responded to this proliferation of bad patents with the patent equivalent of nuclear stockpiling. By obtaining hundreds or even thousands of patents, a company can develop a credible deterrent against patent lawsuits: if someone sues it for patent infringement, it can find a patent the other company has race. As a result, a company can find itself defenseless against lawsuits.

Software patents are particularly ripe for abuse because software is assembled from modular components. If the patent system allows those components to be patented, it becomes almost impossible to develop a software product without infringing numerous patents. Moreover, because of the complexity of software, it is often prohibitively expensive to even find the patents relevant to its products is unlikely to be able to do so.

Passage B Software makers like ours have consistently taken the position that patents generally impede innovation in software development and are inconsistent with open-source/free software. We will continue to work to promote this position and are pleased to join our colleagues in the open-source/free who have publicly stated their opposition to software patents.

At the same time, we are forced to live in the world as it is, and that world currently permits software patents. A small number of very large companies have amassed large numbers of software patents. We believe such massive software patent portfolios are ripe for misuse because generally and because of the high cost of patent litigation.

One defense against such misuse is to develop a corresponding portfolio of software patents for defensive purposes. Many software makers, both open-source and proprietary, pursue this strategy. In the interests of our company and in an attempt to protect and promote the open-source community, we have elected to adopt this same stance. with our stance against software patents; however, prudence dictates this position.

What this question is testing

Weaken

Your task

Find the choice that makes the argument's conclusion less likely to be true.

Common trap

Answers that look negative but attack a claim the argument never relied on.

Winning move

Find the assumption the argument depends on, then pick the choice that undermines it.

Reading along? Open the full official question in LawHub — we show a fragment here and keep the reasoning in our own words.

The question
21.

Which one of the following, if true, would cast doubt on the position concerning innovation in software development taken in the first

Answer choices

  1. Weak Impact14% picked this

    Most patents for software innovations have a duration of only 20

    Patents grant temporary exclusive rights to a certain technology. The patent holder can restrict others from using that technology or make others pay them a licensing fee if they want to use it. This answer is saying that after 20 years, most patents expire and then everyone can use that technology unimpeded, but 20 years is a long time, especially in the world of tech! If you owned a tech company, you wouldn't want to have to find workarounds for obvious design features for 20 years.

  2. No Impact9% picked this

    Software companies that do not patent software generally offer products that are more reliable than

    This is only talking about reliability, which doesn't have any clear connection to innovation. Also, this is drifting opposite of our goal. We want to hear something good about patents (they're actually good for innovation). This seems to be telling us something good about companies who don't patent.

  3. No Impact / Weak Language15% picked this

    Some proprietary vendors oppose software patents for

    Correct answers on Strengthen and Weaken are almost never as weak as "some / sometimes". This doesn't give us any way to argue that patents facilitate innovation in software development.

  4. Correct47% picked this

    Software innovation would be less profitable if software could not

    Why this is right

    This is basically just saying the real world reason why patents exist. They're supposed to encourage innovation by making it worthwhile for people to spend the time and money it takes to invent something. If everyone were able to steal your invention once you finished it, then it wouldn't be worth putting years of your life into developing it. But ... if you can patent your invention so that you have 20 years of exclusive rights to it, then you have assurance that you can make a bunch of money off your invention, thereby justifying the efforts you invested in creating your invention. If you couldn't patent software, software innovation would be less profitable, so businesses would be less interested in software innovation, so less software innovation would occur. Thus we're making the case that patents don't impede innovation, they solidify a strong incentive for innovation.

    Skill tested: Weaken · how this choice captures the passage's function is the move to repeat next time.

  5. Unclear Impact14% picked this

    The main beneficiaries of software innovations are large corporations rather than

    It's not clear how learning who the main beneficiaries of innovations are will connect to whether or not patents impede / assist innovation. We'd have to argue, "patents actually encourage innovation, because the main beneficiaries of innovation are large corporations (not individual people)." That doesn't sound as common sense as "patents actually encourage innovation, because they make innovation more profitable".

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