Reading ComprehensionDifficulty: Hard

PT123 S1 P3 Q20 Explanation

Renewable Energy Resources

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Passage

The following passage was written in

The demand for electricity in certain countries has been projected recently to grow by 50 percent by the year 2010. Unfortunately, the increased use of fossil fuels to generate this electricity may ultimately damage human and environmental health. For example, emissions of air pollutants in these countries are expected to double over costs. Technologies for the successful long-term exploitation of these resources, however, are not always implemented successfully.

In rural Brazil, for example, millions of citizens do not have electricity, and the lack of necessary infrastructure has limited efforts to provide it. In 1992, an energy agency from the United States developed a joint project with two Brazilian states to install 800 household solar electrical systems and train local personnel and expansion unlikely. Thus, the movement toward a sustainable, rural electricity system in Brazil remains stalled.

But some efforts have avoided these pitfalls. In the mid-1980s, a Danish energy agency helped agencies in India build three modern wind turbine plants and gradually develop local technical capacity. Local participants were trained in planning, operation, maintenance, and construction of turbines. Indian firms subsequently began manufacturing turbines and, as more locally levels, the project has a good chance of remaining competitive and profitable for the long run.

What this question is testing

Weaken

Your task

Find the choice that makes the argument's conclusion less likely to be true.

Common trap

Answers that look negative but attack a claim the argument never relied on.

Winning move

Find the assumption the argument depends on, then pick the choice that undermines it.

Reading along? Open the full official question in LawHub — we show a fragment here and keep the reasoning in our own words.

The question
20.

Which one of the following, if true, would most call into question the author’s assertion in the last

Answer choices

  1. Correct71% picked this

    The profitability of the India project was due primarily to temporary subsidies from

    Why this is right

    This seems to work. The Indian wind turbine project is not going to remain competitive and profitable in the long run, because ... it was only profitable in the short term because of temporary subsidies from the Indian government. Once those subsidies stop, the project will probably not be profitable anymore.

    Skill tested: Weaken · how this choice captures the passage's function is the move to repeat next time.

  2. Strengthens21% picked this

    The Danish energy agency invested more funds in the India project than the U.S. agency invested

    This seems like a positive thing about the wind turbine project. It would make any sense to say, The Indian wind turbine project is not going to remain competitive and profitable in the long run, because ... it is very well funded by the Danish energy agency. We might be thinking, "The wind turbine industry isn't really profitable; it's just propped up by deep Danish investments", but this answer doesn't really give us any direct way to impugn profitability based on investment. Sometimes, having more funds invested in a company can lead to it being more profitable. Investment funds can allow a business to set up a successful infrastructure that allows it to thrive long term. For (B), we would have to invent our own idea that "the current profitability of India's wind industry is really due to the glut of investment funds, not to its actual viability as a business". For the correct answer, we don't have to invent that idea. They directly tell us that current profitability is tied to a fleeting, soon-to-disappear factor.

  3. Unclear Impact Strengthens, if anything3% picked this

    Indian firms are not required to limit user fees charged

    Does it make any sense to say, The Indian wind turbine project is not going to remain competitive and profitable in the long run, because ... Indian firms are not required to limit user fees charged to consumers? It would make more sense to say that "it's unlikely to be profitable in the long run because they have to limit the fees they charge to customers". The fees charged to customers are the revenue side of profitability. If there's a limit to what they can charge, then maybe the revenue won't be able to outpace expenses in order to remain profitable. But since this is saying that Indian firms aren't limited in terms of what user fees they can charge, that means they have leeway to charge high fees and thus have a profitable business.

  4. No Impact3% picked this

    Environmental pollutants are produced in the manufacture of some equipment used

    This sounds vaguely negative in relation to the wind turbine project, but the negative thing doesn't directly relate to profitability or competitiveness. And it's a super weak idea because it's just saying "some equipment used in wind turbines involves environmental pollutants in the manufacturing process". That's probably true of almost every manufacturing process in the world. Most of them produce some environmental pollutant, so it's not persuasive to say that "because the manufacturing process for some turbine parts involves producing some environmental pollutants, this wind turbine industry won't be profitable in the long run". Its competition (i.e. the fossil fuel extraction and refining industry) certainly produces its share of environmental pollutants, so this doesn't show a comparative disadvantage of wind turbines.

  5. Strengthens, if anything2% picked this

    New technology is poised to decrease sharply the level of pollutants produced

    Like (D) this is more about the environment than it is about "profitability / competitiveness", so it's not quite in scope. Can we say, "the wind turbine project is unlikely to remain competitive and profitable in the long run because fossil-fuel energy will soon be able to sharply decrease its level of pollutants"? We'd have to tell ourselves a pretty involved off-the-page story: Wind energy is currently profitable in India because customers are choosing it over fossil fuels due to the high level of pollutants associated with fossil fuels, but if new technology could make fossil-fuel plants less environmentally nasty then customers would shift back to using fossil-fuel energy, making wind no longer as competitive or profitable. We're adding too many ideas there (more than we need to in order to justify the correct answer). We were never told that the current profitability of wind energy was contingent on consumers' worrying about the pollutants from fossil fuels, so we have no reason to think that when fossil fuels become less polluting it will affect the profitability of wind energy.

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