Reading ComprehensionDifficulty: Medium

PT122 S3 P4 Q23 Explanation

Maize

A free, expert breakdown of this official LSAT Reading Comprehension question.

TopicsApplicationScience

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Passage

Every culture that has adopted the cultivation of maize—also known as corn—has been radically changed by it. This crop reshaped the cultures of the Native Americans who first cultivated it, leading to such developments as the adoption of agrarian and in some cases urban lifestyles, and much of the explosion of European much more bountiful than others? Modern biochemistry has revealed the physical mechanism underlying maize’s impressive productivity.

To obtain the hydrogen they use in the production of carbohydrates through photosynthesis, all plants split water into its constituent elements, hydrogen and oxygen. They use the resultant hydrogen to form one of the molecules they need for energy, but the oxygen is released into the atmosphere. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide that atmospheric conditions, oxygen begins to bind competitively to the enzyme, thus interfering with the photosynthetic reaction.

Some plants, however, have evolved a photosynthetic mechanism that prevents oxygen from impairing photosynthesis. These plants separate the places where they split water atoms into hydrogen and oxygen from the places where they build sugars from carbon dioxide. Water molecules are split, as in all plants, in specialized chlorophyll-containing structures in the Such C-4 plants as sugar cane, rice, and maize are among the world’s most productive crops.

What this question is testing

Application

Your task

Pin down exactly what the question asks about the passage — a detail, the author's view, the structure, or the main point — before looking at the choices.

Common trap

Answers that restate a true detail from the passage but don't answer the specific question being asked.

Winning move

Anticipate the answer in your own words from the passage, then find the choice that matches that prediction.

Reading along? Open the full official question in LawHub — we show a fragment here and keep the reasoning in our own words.

The question
23.

Assuming that all other relevant factors remained the same, which one of the following, if it developed in a species of plant that does not have C-4 photosynthesis,

Answer choices

  1. Not a Solution6% picked this

    Water is split into its constituent elements in specialized chlorophyll-containing structures in the

    This plant would have hydrogen and oxygen initially separated into their own little caves. At first this is somewhat tempting. C-4 plants keep the rubisco in a bundle sheath cave to protect it from oxygen, so maybe putting oxygen in a cave could also protect rubisco from oxygen? The problem is that once plants separate the H from the O, they use the H and release the O into the atmosphere. The Oxygen that interferes with rubisco is actually just atmospheric oxygen (the regular ol' oxygen in the air everywhere, not the specific oxygen atoms that were taken from the water the plant took in). So initially having oxygen in a bundle sheath cave doesn't do anything. If rubisco is still out and about (as it is in non C-4 plants), then it's still going to interact with the gases in the air, which include oxygen.

  2. Correct72% picked this

    An enzyme with which oxygen cannot bind performs the role

    Why this is right

    Since the original problem was rubisco binding with oxygen, if an enzyme can do what rubisco does for photosynthesis while not being threatened by oxygen, then we've solved the same problem. We don't need to hide this replacement-rubisco because it isn't interested in binding with oxygen.

    Skill tested: Application · how this choice captures the passage's function is the move to repeat next time.

  3. Unclear Impact12% picked this

    The vascular structures of the leaf become impermeable to both carbon dioxide gas

    If the vascular structures are impermeable to oxygen gas, then that would be a safe place for rubisco and carbon to intermingle, but do we know if rubisco is in these vascular structures? The beginning of the final paragraph makes it sound like in non C-4 plants, rubisco is not separated from the places where water is being split into hydrogen and oxygen. Rubisco, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are all working in the same area, in chlorophyll-containing structures in the green leaf cells. So even though vascular structures are impermeable to oxygen gas, this answer isn't telling us that where rubisco is will be impermeable to oxygen gas.

  4. Not a Solution5% picked this

    The specialized chlorophyll-containing structures in which water is split surround the vascular structures

    The last paragraph's beginning informs us that in non C-4 plants, the rubisco is doing its thing in the same area where water is being split: within specialized chlorophyll-containing structures. It doesn't really matter where we move these structures, because if rubisco and oxygen are both involved, then the rubisco binding with oxygen is still unresolved.

  5. Not a Solution6% picked this

    An enzyme that does not readily react with carbon dioxide performs the role of rubisco in

    We love that rubisco readily reacts with carbon dioxide. That wasn't our problem. We were mad that rubisco gets distracted and reacts with oxygen. This answer choice seems to describe a change that would make plants even worse at photosynthesis. These plants would struggle to make the sugars that keep the plant going.

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