Logical Reasoning

PT104 · S1 · Q19 Pollen and other allergens can

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Pollen and other allergens can cause cells in the nose to release histamine, a chemical that inflames nasal tissue and causes runny nose, congestion, and sneezing.

Statements

On the hunt for Conditional, Causal, Quantitative, or Pivot wording, we find some Causal ideas and a final Pivot.

Causal (can cause) Pollen Release Inflamed nasal tissue, (and ⇢ of ⇢ runny nose, sneezing, others) histamine and congestion

Causal (minimize / by blocking) Antihistamines ⇢ Block ⇢ Minimize action of allergy histamine symptoms

Interestingly, to me, it didn't say that antihistamines stop the histamine from being released from the cells, just that it neutralizes the effects that histamine would normally have.

Pivot (however) Histamine plays no role in how colds produce symptoms.

Evaluate / Goal

Since our goal in reading Inference paragraphs is to look for ways to synthesize information (combine 2 or more facts to derive some other statement), the causal chains we checked out involve combining ideas together.

So the correct answer might just be rewarding our understanding of that causal chain, like .

But... (pun intended)... it is very common when an Inference paragraph ends with a Pivot (but, yet, however), that the intended synthesis is integrating that last fact with the stuff we were told prior.

So given all we learned about histamine / antihistamine, what truth can we derive from the fact that histamine plays no role in how colds produce their symptoms?

The correct answer will likely be testing what this final fact tells us, in light of all the stuff we heard before it.

19.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true?

  1. Pollen and other allergens do

    Out of Scope

    Out of Scope: causes of the cold The last sentence of the paragraph is saying, "When you have a cold, and you have symptoms of a cold, those symptoms are not being caused by histamine." It's only explaining the mechanism of how a cold manifests as symptoms. We know the cold causes those symptoms, but it doesn't do so by triggering more histamine in the blood. It does so by [some other method]. This answer is talking about what causes you to have a cold in the first place (whether or not you're experiencing symptoms). It's a somewhat tempting answer, though, if you're thinking, "pollen -> histamine", so if histamine doesn't have anything to do with cold symptoms, then pollen doesn't have anything to do with colds. But we can't make these strong connections between pollen and histamine. Pollen can cause histamine, but doesn't always have to, according to the first sentence. So it's possible that pollen causes your cold, but in this case pollen doesn't trigger a histamine release, and the cold is producing cold symptoms through some other physical process.

    13% picked this

  2. Colds are more difficult to

    Unknown Comparison

    We have no information that would allow us to rank the relative difficulty of antihistamine treatments (for allergies) with whatever treatments are available for colds.

    0% picked this

  3. Antihistamines, when taken alone, are

    Too Strong: ineffective

    This answer is suuuuuper tempting. It would mainly be seeing the more hedged, qualified (thus safer) wording of (E) that would chase me away from this one. This is definitely in the spirit of where we think this conversation is going: since histamine plays no role in cold symptoms, an anti-histamine wouldn't help. But does that have to be true? If histamine plays no role in creating a symptom, antihistamines can't play any role in alleviating that symptom? The THC in cannabis can alleviate headache symptoms, even though dopamine / THC levels played no role in creating the headache. The CBD in cannabis can alleviate joint pain that athletes feel after maximum exertion, even though CBD played no role in creating the joint pain. Check out my online cannabis store at _________ . (jk, just felt like I was plugging it too hard) It's possible that some chemical in antihistamines would have an effect on a cold symptom, even if the cold symptom wasn't caused by histamine. It's also possible that the sheer act of drinking or inhaling any liquid or vapor would be somewhat effective against congestion.

    25% picked this

  4. The sleeplessness that sometimes accompanies

    Out of Scope

    Out of Scope: treating sleeplessness Too Strong: effectively This answer is also pretty tempting, since we're told that antihistamines have effects such as drowsiness. Can we say it must be true that anything that has the effect of drowsiness would sometimes be an effective treatment for a certain kind of sleeplessness? Not quite. That's just too strong. We don't know anything about the sleeplessness that accompanies allergies, so we're going out on a limb saying that an antihistamine that makes you drowsy would sometimes effectively treat it.

    2% picked this

  5. Correct

    Any effect antihistamines may have

    Why this is right

    Since cold symptoms are not caused by histamine in any way, any effect that [whatever] has in reducing cold symptoms would not result from [whatever] was done to histamine. The last sentence is so strong is separating histamine from cold symptoms that you could put any noun in there and it would be a derivable truth: any effect bananas have in reducing cold symptoms would not result from its interaction with histamine.

    Skill tested: Must be True · how this choice captures the argument's function is the move to repeat next time.

    59% picked this

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