Logical Reasoning

PT104 · S1 · Q16 Recent research shows that sound

A free, expert breakdown of this official LSAT Logical Reasoning question.

  • Save & drill this skill build targeted practice sets from questions like this one

  • Video walkthroughs watch every question solved step by step

  • 81 official LSATs as questions, timed sections & full-length tests

Recent research shows that sound change (pronunciation shift) in a language is not gradual.

Conclusion

Sound-change theory in general must be discarded.

Intermediate Conclusion (since)

The classical account must be discarded.

Evidence

The classical account's central tenet was that sound change occurs gradually, but recent research shows that sound change isn't gradual; it often emerges suddenly.

Evaluate

This question stem looks like Sufficient Assumption because of the "if assumed" but it's only a Strengthen question because it just asks what does the most to justify the conclusion.

We can still use our Sufficient Assumption brain (heavy on conditional logic), but we want to appreciate that the correct answer might come more from the conversational world of Strengthen.

Using our conditional logic brain, we'd think 1. We need to prove "sound-change in general must be discarded" 2. They haven't announced any rule like, "If xyz is true, then must be discarded", so the correct answer will need to give me that rule. 3. The reason for discarding it, in general, is that the classical account must be discarded.

That would lead us to anticipating a missing link answer like: .

Using our Strengthen brain, we'd think,

An opponent could say, classical account is basically 90% of sound-change theory in general, so if you get rid of classical, you are getting rid of the majority of sound-change theory".

Goal

Let's find an answer that strengthens the connection between the premise and the Intermediate Conclusion (if recent research shows that new sounds often emerge suddenly, then classical's central tenet is ruined and thus classical should be discarded).

Or let's find an answer that strengthens the connection between the Intermediate Conclusion and the Main Conclusion (if we're getting rid of the classical account, we should just get rid of sound-change theory in general).

16.

Which one of the following, if assumed, does most to justify the argument's conclusion?

  1. The data on which the

    Weak Impact

    This just drives the nail further into the coffin of the classical account, but we're already pretty convinced that classical account is dead. The open question is whether its death means that we also need to get rid of sound-change theory in general.

    24% picked this

  2. The emergence of new sounds

    Unclear Impact

    We weren't really ever discussing whether the emergence of new sounds was random vs. planned / coordinated. We were just talking about whether the emergence was sudden or gradual. There's no common-sense link from "random vs. planned" to "sudden vs. gradual". Both random and non-random things can happen suddenly or gradually. Since we have no idea how sound-change theory in general feels about random or non-random emergence of sounds, we have no way of knowing how this answer impacts sound change theory in general.

    4% picked this

  3. The meeting of linguistically disparate

    No Impact

    This has super weak wording: X can affect Y. Weak language is always a red flag on Strengthen, Weaken, Paradox, and Sufficient Assumption. This answer does nothing to convince us that we should get rid of sound-change theory in general.

    1% picked this

  4. Correct

    All theories of sound change

    Why this is right

    This strengthens the connection between "we're discarding the classical account" and "we might as well discard sound change theory in general". As we considered in our anticipatory thinking, one might have been tempted to object, "Why do we have to discard both? Can't we just get rid of classical theory without also getting rid of sound change theory in general?" This answer rules out that objection (thus strengthening) by saying, "No you can't really keep any other sound-change theories if you're getting rid of classical, because they all rely heavily on classical."

    Skill tested: Sufficient Assumption · how this choice captures the argument's function is the move to repeat next time.

    71% picked this

  5. For most languages, historical records

    No Impact

    This doesn't seem to connect to anything. We were never talking about whether we did or didn't have record of the earliest stages of languages. Also, there's no common-sense link that says, "If you have a lack of data in a certain field, then you should discard theories." Like if we have very few fossils for dinosaur X, does that mean we should discard our theories about dinosaur X? No, it just means we don't have much evidence to support them. We need evidence against a theory to motivate discarding the theory. A lack of evidence doesn't show that a theory is right or wrong. It just shows nothing.

    0% picked this

Continue the review in LSAT Lab

Save this question, watch the video walkthrough, and drill similar questions in your LSAT Lab account.

LSAT Lab

Turn this review into a targeted study plan.

Save this question, drill more like it, watch the video walkthrough, and track your progress in your LSAT Lab account.

Start practicing free