Reading Comprehension

PT101 · S1 · P3 · Q15 Outcomes Analysis

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In recent years, scholars have begun to use social science tools to analyze court opinions.

Topic

The use of social science tools to analyze court opinions, especially in sex discrimination cases in higher education.

Framework

Challenge Position

Main Point

While it's helpful to apply social science methods to legal case analysis, simply counting legal outcomes (“outcomes analysis”) is not very useful for plaintiffs—better approaches go deeper to analyze the reasons behind verdicts and identify key success factors.

The Most Valuable Sentence appears at the start of the third paragraph:

P1: Social Science Tools in Legal Research—Promise and Critique

Recently, scholars have started using social science methods to study court opinions, criticizing traditional legal research for being too narrow or irrelevant. Some researchers (Zirkel and Schoenfeld) have shown that social science tools can help, but the author feels they go too far in believing that just tracking case outcomes (“outcomes analysis”) is genuinely useful.

P2: Flaws of Outcomes Analysis

The author explains why outcomes analysis (simply counting plaintiff wins and losses) isn’t actually helpful for prospective plaintiffs: people aren’t usually deterred by poor odds alone, and the unique factors of each case matter more than the raw win/loss numbers, which ignore situations where plaintiffs have strong evidence or procedural advantages.

P3: Better Ways to Apply Social Science—Process Analysis

Instead of just outcome counts, the author prefers methods that analyze the reasons behind case outcomes. Two approaches are described: “policy capturing” (identifying and analyzing key variables in opinions that predict outcomes), and a comprehensive review of transcript details to better understand what drives verdicts and what helps plaintiffs win. These methods provide much more practical information for both plaintiffs and defendants.

15.

It can be inferred from the author's discussion of traditional legal research that the author is

  1. frustrated because traditional legal research

    Out of Scope

    Out of Scope: not achieved full potential Since the author has a criticism of traditional research, it's fair to infer that "it's not perfect / hasn't achieved its full potential", but that phrase doesn't match up with anything said in that 2nd sentence. And "frustrated" is adding an emotional component to "justifiably criticized" that is also stretching the text too much.

    4% picked this

  2. Correct

    critical because traditional legal research

    Why this is right

    This actually matches up with content from the 2nd sentence. The author said that we are justified in criticizing traditional legal research, so we can definitely support "critical". And one of the two criticisms is that traditional legal research focuses on "arcane matters that do not affect real people with real legal problems", which is a good match for "little relevance to those actually involved in cases.

    Skill tested: Inference · how this choice captures the passage's function is the move to repeat next time.

    87% picked this

  3. appreciative of the role traditional

    Opposite

    The only support text we have to go off is that traditional legal research can be "justifiably criticized for thing 1 and thing 2". So as soon as we see the leading adjective here is positive ("appreciative"), we should be moving on. We have nothing to support positivity.

    7% picked this

  4. derisive because traditional legal research

    Out of Scope

    Out of Scope: outlasted previous role Too Strong: derisive "Derisive" is negative to a pretty extreme degree. It sort of means "mocking / sneering / dismissive", and only support text is that traditional legal research can be "justifiably criticized for thing 1 and thing 2". Beyond the overly strong adjective, the idea that traditional research has "outlasted its previous role" doesn't match up with anything in the second sentence.

    2% picked this

  5. grateful for the ability of

    Opposite

    The only support text we have to go off is that traditional legal research can be "justifiably criticized for thing 1 and thing 2". So as soon as we see the leading adjective here is positive ("grateful"), we should be moving on. We have nothing to support positivity.

    1% picked this

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